Last week we covered Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the way plants get energy and nutrients to function. The equation for this reaction is represented by the following equation:
I am going to post below all of the notes I have been taking in class this week.
- Fermentation anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
- Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP
- Without O2 the electron transport chain will cease to operate
- In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.
- Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than O2 for example sulfate
- Fermentation uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP
- Types of fermentation
- Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that generate NAD plus which can be reused by glycolysis
- Two common types of alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
- In alcohol fermentation pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps
- The first step releases CO2 from pyruvate and the second step reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol
- Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, wine making, and baking
- In lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is reduced by NADH forming lactate as an end product with no release of CO2
- Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt
- Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce
- Comparing fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic respiration
- All use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food
- In all 3, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis
- The processes have different final electron acceptors an organic molecule in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule
- Obligate anaerobes carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
- Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
- In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes
- What are the key players in the Calvin Cycle
- RuBisCo is an enzyme that takes carbon dioxide and sticks in onto Ribulose bisphosphate
- The energy that eventually processes these things and then you get a three carbon molecule that becomes sugar
- C3 plants do great in cool weather but suffer in warm/hot weather-why?
- Not enough moisture, the stoma evaporates the water away. These plants lose a ton of water in this kind of dry situations.
- What enzyme do we know about in photosynthesis that needs CO2 to function?
- RUBISCO is not monogamous it can bind with CO2 and O2
- How can we even have plants in hot/warm locations?
- We can prevent photorespiration by getting rid of the oxygen not letting it get to the rubisco
- Two strats for hot weather plants
- C4 pathway and cam pathway also known as crassalacean acid metabolism
- C4 photosynthesis separates things spatially
- Xylem is a vascular tissue that transports water and phloem transports sugars
- Cam separates things temporally leaf structure is the same as C3 it just has different enzymes and mechanisms
I actually find all of the stuff we are learning about super interesting and not too hard to understand!!!! I usually struggle with most concepts in biology but this past unit and the current one about plants is all really easy ish to understand
Mollie Alpaugh's AP Bio 